Obesidade: conflito geopolítico entre as iniciativas de saúde pública e os interesses comerciais das empresas transnacionais na América Latina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35953/raca.v4i1.167Palavras-chave:
obesidade, saúde pública, transnacionais, América LatinaResumo
Abstract
Abstract A bibliometric analysis is conducted to examine the temporal approach to obesity as a public health problem. Then, the geopolitical conflict that arises between public health initiatives and the commercial interests of transnational corporations regarding obesity is explored. Social injustice and its relationship with obesity in Latin America are examined, highlighting existing inequalities and the social factors that contribute to this issue. Likewise, public policy initiatives implemented in the region to counteract obesity are analyzed, evaluating their effectiveness and considering the geopolitical obstacles that may hinder their implementation. The influence of the private sector in the social, physical, and cultural environments that contribute to obesity is emphasized. Additionally, the role of global and regional food policies is examined, focusing on obesogenic environments present in Latin America. In the final reflections, the need to address obesity as a geopolitical conflict that transcends individual health aspects is emphasized, recognizing the complex interactions between commercial interests, public policies, and social inequalities. Finally, the importance of implementing effective strategies that promote the health and well-being of Latin American populations is highlighted, taking into account the geopolitical challenges and opportunities present in the region.
Referências
Organización Mundial de la Salud. OMS. Obesidad y sobrepeso [Internet]. Internet. 2018 [cited 2018 Sep 16]. Available from: http://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
OPS O. El número de personas con diabetes en las Américas se ha triplicado en tres décadas, según un informe de la OPS - OPS/OMS | Organización Panamericana de la Salud. 2022;2022:1–8. Available from: https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/11-11-2022-numero-personas-con-diabetes-americas-se-ha-triplicado-tres-decadas-segun
FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA, UNICEF. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2022. Adaptación de las políticas alimentarias y agrícolas para hacer las dietas saludables más asequibles. FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF Versión resumida [Internet]. 2022;40. Available from: https://www.fao.org/publications/home/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-of-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world/es
Di Cesare M, Bentham J, Stevens GA, Zhou B, Danaei G, Lu Y, et al. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet [Internet]. 2016;387(10026):1377–96. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
Rivera JÁ, de Cossío TG, Pedraza LS, Aburto TC, Sánchez TG, Martorell R. Childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Latin America: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol [Internet]. 2014 Apr 1;2(4):321–32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70173-6
Must A, Dallal GE, Dietz WH. Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wt/ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Apr;53(4):839–46.
Gilmore AB, Fabbri A, Baum F, Bertscher A, Bondy K, Chang H-J, et al. Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. Lancet (London, England) [Internet]. 2023;401(10383):1194–213. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36966782
Kickbusch I, Allen L, Franz C. The commercial determinants of health. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2016;4(12):e895–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30217-0
Giskes K, Avendano M, Brug J, Kunst AE. A systematic review of studies on socioeconomic inequalities in dietary intakes associated with weight gain and overweight/obesity conducted among European adults. Obes Rev an Off J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2010 Jun;11(6):413–29.
Fitzpatrick K, Burrows L. Critical health education in Aotearoa New Zealand. Sport Educ Soc [Internet]. 2017;22(5):552–68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1131154
Fitzpatrick K, Leahy D, Webber M, Gilbert J, Lupton D, Aggleton P. Critical health education studies: Reflections on a new conference and this themed symposium. Health Educ J. 2019;78(6):621–32.
Leigh Jette S, Pluim C. Editors’ Introduction: Critical Health Education in Critical Times: Pedagogy, Praxis, & Possibilities. 2020;43(1):1–7.
Ruiz MAM, Zapata LIG, Cediel G. Policy action initiatives against obesity in Colombia: a literature review using the NOURISHING framework methodology Colombian policy actions against obesity. Rev Fac Med. 2022;70(2):1–18.
Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(1):3–21.
Mialon M, Gaitan Charry DA, Cediel G, Crosbie E, Baeza Scagliusi F, Pérez Tamayo EM. “the architecture of the state was transformed in favour of the interests of companies”: Corporate political activity of the food industry in Colombia. Global Health. 2020;16(1):1–16.
Wood B, Williams O, Baker P, Nagarajan V, Sacks G. The influence of corporate market power on health: exploring the structure-conduct-performance model from a public health perspective. Global Health. 2021;17(1):1–17.
Lee K, Freudenberg y. N. Considerar los determinantes comerciales de la salud comienza por utilizar conceptos más precisos. Glob Health Promot. 2020;27(2):163–5.
Mialon M, Gaitán D, Cediel G, Crosbie E, Baeza F, Pérez E. De los determinantes comerciales de la salud a la captura corporativa: matices y evidencias de una práctica vergonzosa. Debates innovaciones sobre el derecho Hum a la Aliment y Nutr adecuada [Internet]. 2021; Available from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://fiancolombia.org/wp-content/uploads/FIAN_InnoDebates_independeintes_PDF_INTER2_integrado-1.pdf
Babio N, Casas-Agustench P, Salas-Salvado J. Alimentos Ultraprocesados. Revisión crítica, limitaciones del concepto y posible uso en salud pública [Internet]. Revista chilena de nutrición. 2020. 1–413 p. Available from: http://www.nutricio.urv.cat/media/upload/domain_1498/imatges/llibres/ULTRAPROCESADOS 21-06.pdf
FAO. Sistemas Agroalimentarios y de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional. 2020.
Royo-Bordonada MÁ, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Bes-Rastrollo M, Fernández-Escobar C, González CA, Rivas F, et al. Food policies to prevent obesity and the main non-transmissible diseases in Spain: where there’s a will there’s a way. Gac Sanit. 2019;33(6):584–92.
Ministerio de la protección Social. Análisis de Impacto Normativo en la temática de etiquetado nutricional y frontal de los alimentos envasados en Colombia. Minist la protección Soc [Internet]. 2020;1–74. Available from: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Normativa/Documents/AIN etiquetado V02032020.pdf
Popkin BM, Reardon T. Obesity and the food system transformation in Latin America. Obes Rev. 2018;19(8):1028–64.
Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T, Vermeulen S, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet (London, England). 2019 Feb;393(10170):447–92.
Triaca LM, dos Santos AMA, Tejada CAO. Socioeconomic inequalities in obesity in Brazil. Econ Hum Biol [Internet]. 2020;39:100906. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X20301763
Popkin BM, Ng SW. The nutrition transition to a stage of high obesity and noncommunicable disease prevalence dominated by ultra-processed foods is not inevitable. Obes Rev [Internet]. 2022;23(1):1–18. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34632692/
Vogel E. Enacting community health: Obesity prevention policies as situated caring. Sociol Rev [Internet]. 2021;69(5):1072–89. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00380261211006327
Smith JD, Fu E, Kobayashi M. Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity and its Psychological and Health Comorbidities. 2020;351–78.
Araneda J, Pinheiro AC, Rodríguez L. Una mirada actualizada sobre los ambientes alimentarios y obesidad TT - An updated look at food environments and obesity. Rev chil salud pública [Internet]. 2020;24(1):67–71. Available from: https://revistasaludpublica.uchile.cl/index.php/RCSP/article/view/57593/61041
Duran AC, Mialon M, Crosbie E, Jensen ML, Harris JL, Batis C, et al. Food environment solutions for childhood obesity in Latin America and among Latinos living in the United States. Obes Rev [Internet]. 2021;22(S3):1–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34152071/
Chomsky N, Pollin R, Polychroniou CJ. Climate Crisis and the Global Green New Deal: The Political Economy of Saving the Planet [Internet]. Verso Books; 2020. Available from: https://books.google.com.co/books?id=q0rSDwAAQBAJ
Hawkes C, Ruel M. The links between agriculture and health: an intersectoral opportunity to improve the health and livelihoods of the poor. Bull World Health Organ. 2006 Dec;84(12):984–90.
Monteiro CA, Moubarac J, Levy RB, Canella DS, Laura M, Cannon G. Household availability of ultra-processed foods and obesity in nineteen European countries. 2017;21(1):18–26.
Clapp J. Food security and The State of Agricultural Background paper. 2016;(December 2015).
Organización Panamericana de la Salud OPS. Modelo de perfil de nutrientes de la OPS [Internet]. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. 2016. 38 p. Available from: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/18622/9789275318737_spa.pdf
Organización Panamericana de la Salud O. APROBACIÓN DE NUEVA LEY DE ALIMENTOS EN CHILE: RESUMEN DEL PROCESO [Internet]. 2017. Available from: www.fao.org/publications
FAO C. Sistemas alimentarios y COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe [Internet]. Sistemas alimentarios y COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe. FAO; 2020. Available from: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9508es
Downs SM, Ahmed S, Fanzo J, Herforth A. Food Environment Typology : Advancing an Environments toward Sustainable Diets. Foods [Internet]. 2020;9(4):532. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/4/532
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 CC Attribution 4.0
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
